Urbanization has become a hot issue in context of environmental and socio-political scenarios which is addressed at every forum internationally. The mega cities are considered the main origin of socio-economic development which caused to emerge a number of issues like biodiversity, environmental degradation, resource consumption, implementation of law and order and provision of basic facilities to the general public. The area under investigation consists of Lahore, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura. The study site was bounded by 73-75 E longitudes and 31-33 N latitudes. We used Landsat satellite data to map Spatio-temporal variations in urban sprawl from 1990 to 2019 with a temporal window of 15 years. The Landsat data is free, highly reliable and considered as primary source. The classification results show that the total area of study site was site was 29355 km2 including 21933km2 were green index 4595 km2 was under human settlements and 2827 km2 was the waterbody in 1990. The classification of Landsat image of the year 2005 describes that area of human settlements was increased to 9366 km2, the volume of water body was reduced to 2111km2 and the vegetation was also degraded to 17878km2. Again, the urban area was computed using satellite imagery for the year 2019 which was 16105km2 in 2019. Kappa stat proved the accuracy of supervised classification what was around 87%. Remotely sensed datasets proved the reliability of Landsat satellite images for estimation of urban sprawl during last three decades.

The global emerging trends of E-Governance utilizes Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to support the governance functions. It emphases on improving governance by innovating administrative processes, transforming relationships, improving public services delivery, ensuring accountability, increasing participation and collaboration among civil society, government and private sector. Whereas, E-Governance is considered a revolutionary reform of promoting good governance through greater control over state power, authority and resources to promote equality, peace and prosperity by eliminating corruption, unemployment and hunger. Pakistan had made huge investments on deploying ICTs infrastructure and human resource development in public sector but the country could not achieve the expected outcomes. The results show that public sector has adequate level of ICTs infrastructure and competent human resource to obtain the promising benefits of these initiatives. However, all these resources remained underutilized which is considered a public sector dilemma in Pakistan. Most of public sector businesses are still relying on the manual systems rather than the fully computerized or automated and the public officials are bound to exchange and processes information manually. The under-utilization of these technologies and human resource cannot reap the benefits of E-Governance and therefore could not promote transparency, accountability, equality, and participation for sustainable socio-economic growth and development of Pakistan.

Pakistan has faced numerous natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, landslides and environmental degradation which severely affects the Pakistan’s economy and results in various problems like causalities, diseases, water stress and severe damages (e.g., houses, public infrastructure and agricultural land erosion). There is a lack of systematic approaches to analyze pre and post damage assessment for estimation of exact loses and the total cost for rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure in an efficient way. There exist a variety of mechanisms but GIS based flood mapping is considered the most efficient to manage the flood situation. This study is focused on evaluation of flood affected areas especially in Punjab using WorldView-2, 8-band multi-spectral imagery by applying Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS techniques. The research area is comprised of Kot Addu and Muzaffargarh Districts in Punjab province of Pakistan that faced a catastrophic super flood of 2010. The WorldView-2, Quick Bird and multispectral satellite imagery are capable of making better decisions and assessment of flood effected area accurately. RS and GIS techniques can achieve the objectives and significant analyses through visual interpretations. These techniques are also used to identify the flood affected regions. The study site was examined by applying supervised classification on the basis of the training areas which were obtained during the field surveys in the study site. Supervised classification determines that 16900.96 Hectors of agriculture land was damaged while Sparse Riverine Forest had the area 44.52 hectors. The damaged built-up area was 1805.78 Hectors. RS and GIS techniques are efficient for flood mapping.

A massive tremor stuck Baluchistan Pakistan on September 24, 2013 with a magnitude of 7.7 recorded on Richter scale. The epicenter was Awaran Baluchistan which directly affected about 300,000 people leaving about 386 causalities. The impact of this earthquake was so much large that it created a new landmass which was named as Zalzala Koh later. It was the result of strike slip faulting at a depth of 15km. The new born island was full of rich minerals, gases and dead sea animals. This island was 60 feet high, 100 feet wide and 250 feet long. The classification results of landsat 8 show that the island completely disappeared in 2019 after 6 six years of its birth. First the volume of this island decreases due to reduced pressure of internal gases and secondly, the high-pressure water waves vanished it completely. Satelltie imagery proved efficient for spatio-temporal monitoring of various landuse classes.

Earth is a blue planet because of the rudimentary cause of life, that is water. All the biochemical reactions which are pre-requisite for nourishing life of animals and plants, use water as a basic element. Being a universal solvent, it dissolves almost all minerals present in the soil. It is one of the basic and necessary compounds responsible for the survival of life. The main purpose of research was to determine the quality of groundwater in Kasur near the tanneries. The study is focused on the bacteriological and physicochemical (pH, Temperature, DO, BOD, CO2, TOSM, TDS, TM and heavy metals) parameters. We selected four sites as Din Garh, Qatal Garhi, Mangal Mandi and Kot Haleem Khan for investigation. Coliforms were present in high concentration that produce viruses and bacterial diseases such as typhoid fever, hepatitis, gastrocnemii, dysentery and ear infections. World Health Organization (WHO) has justified that the drinkable water must have zero level of coliform and E.coli. Regarding the Total Suspended Matter (TSM), the values ranged from 0.3-0.5g/l in DIN GHARH, 0.2-0.5g/l in QATAL GHARHI, 0.2-0.5g/l in MANGAL MANDI and 0.2-0.6g/l in KOT HALEEM KHAN. The study concludes that the water pollution due to tanneries in Kasur have changed the bacteriological and physicochemical properties of ground water to a considerable level which is not drinkable. It also conclude that groundwater was contaminated with high concentrations of BOD, TOSM, TDS, TM and Heavy metals due to discharge of industrial effluents.

Selection of suitable sites for construction of dam is the most important phase because a number of factors are required to consider that include topography, geology, tectonic settlements and the slope. We selected Diamer Basha dam site to analyze it feasibility considering real-time field data. Geologically the study site is a part of Chilas Mafic Igneous Complex which is not ophiolite. Matic complex is a block which is 40km in depth and 300km in length. These rocks are comparatively hard in nature and are considered good for construction of dam. Tectonically, we observed that the area under investigation was highly active tectonically. Surface deformation rates of the study site are highest throughout the world because this area is comprised of multiple fault lines that include Main Mantle Thurst (MMT), Main Karakoram Thrurst (MKT), Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and many others. This area has become a hot cake for the geologist worldwide due to it’s very high surface deformation rates.Tectonically active regions are considered worst for construction sites, e.g., for dam sites. The dam site is actcually laying on the MKT which is not favorable for construction of Diamir Basha dam. A low-level earthquake may generate small cracks in concrete structure and any leakage of water may produce big holes with passage of time which are not remidable. A big level earthquake may vanish the dam site completely. Therefore, the current site is not favorable for construction of dam.

Functional foods are of great importance which are used to ensure improvements in human health by all aspects. A potential functional food was prepared with five different formulations A, B, C, D and E by using different combination of basil leaf, peppermint leaf and green cardamom to control hypertension. The raw material used for formulation wAS collected from the local market of Shahdara Lahore in September 2017. Selection of raw materials was totally based on the availability of specified bioactive components which can control hypertension. Formulations A, B, C, D and E were sensory evaluated. The overall acceptability for formulation A was 5/10, B was 6/10, C was 8/10, D was 9/10 and E was 7/10. On the basis of sensory analysis, formulation D was selected. For preliminary analysis, ethanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of basil leaf was prepared. Standard methods of phytochemical analysis were performed to identify flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenolics and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was measured by using DPPH assay. Quercetin was used as standard. Results were statistically analyzed which showed that IC50 (µg/mL) value of ethyl acetate fraction (389.00±0.99) was higher than the ethanolic extract (1372.00±6.32) of the basil leaf. On the basis of phytochemical analysis and DPPH assay. We formulated herbal tea that showed promising antioxidant properties. Characterization of food product proved it as potentially beneficial dietary supplement and hence recommended as potential functional food for hypertension.

Rapid urbanization and concretization are the main sources of formation and existence of Urban Heat Island (UHI). Due to high concentration of pollutants in urban environments, the residents are exposed to unexpected health issues. This study aims at delineating the temporal variations in the spatial extent of UHI over Gujranwala using Landsat thermal imagery. It also aims at determining the variations in pollutant concentration in the atmosphere due to vehicle’s tailpipe emissions and fossil fuel burning by industrial plants. We used various indices e.g., NDVI, NDBI, NDWI and land surface temperature calculations to investigate spatiotemporal variations in urban growth patterns and their impacts on the UHI. The results show that the UHI enlarged in all direction specially in the north west during the study period which is similar to urban growth trends. There also exist positive correlation between industrial and vehicle’s discharge with pollutant’s concentration in atmosphere. Remote sensing tools proved elegant in trend mapping and analysis.

Anthropogenic activities are responsible for enhancing the concentration of various toxic gases that produces bad Ozone in the troposphere which is harmful to human health. The specific objective of this research was to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in a vertical column of Ozone (O3) over Saudi Arabia during 2006-2016 using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard AQUA platform and AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data. The results show that the optical depth of Ozone column varied from 252 Dobson Units (DU) to 264 DU. The main reason of this variation corresponds to the increase in O3 precursors including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). The concentration of CO2 varied between (379-401) Parts Per Million (PPM), SO2 varied (3.5x10-6 - 4x10-6kg m-2) kg m-2 and NO2 varies (2.25x1015 - 2.5x1015)1/cm2 during the investigated timeframe. The results confirm that NO2 and SO2 have contributed directly in O3 formation while CO2 just increased regional temperatures that enhanced the optical depth of O3.

Picric acid and its derivatives are widely used in various applications/industries. The first synthetic dye was prepared in 1771 using picric acid. It was used to dye silk fabric into greenish-yellow color. In this study, Picric acid and their derivatives were synthesized and characterized by their physical and chemical properties. The derivatives of Picric acid which are considered in this research include Picramic acid and Sodium Picramate. The physical properties like melting point, colors, physical state and solubility of Picric acid and its derivatives were determined and confirmed using IR Spectra. IR spectra proved efficient in scanning and mapping.

The rapid urbanization and the population growth, have increased the demands of fresh water to manage various tasks from domestic to industrial scales. Various man driven sectors such as agriculture, industry and water filtration plants, require fresh water to cater the need of increasing population. Therefore, the management of available fresh water reservoirs is of great importance to save water for a sustainable future “save water save life”. Digital elevation model (DEM) is efficient to extract the drainage network, basin boundaries and to evaluate the volume of fresh water available in study site. We used Arc hydro tools in Arc GIS interface for extraction of drainage network in the study site. Flow direction and accumulation were computed according to Z-value of individual pixel available in the raster grid. A total 127 streams were extracted against 127 catchments. We observed that the catchments bearing steep slopes were incised in comparison to gentle slopes which were mostly eroded. We evaluated the total discharge in cusec using Q=CIA, where the coefficient ‘C’ of rainfall was substituted as 0.76 for each catchment having rocky soil type. The total discharge was estimated as 10871 cusec. GIS tools proved efficient to map watershed in the study site.

Liquified natural gas (LNG) has become a basic energy source which is mainly used to run industrial wheel. It has played a vital role for boosting economic growth/GDP of Pakistan. Most of power plants and industries use LNG for generation of commodities of domestic use. The contribution of LNG in the total energy supply is 38% which increases up to 40% in winter. This research was conducted in Rana Town Ferozwala. We selected this area because of non-availability of Sui Northern or Southern network of gas pipelines. We used spatial interpolation technique to map the sale of LNG at various sale points throughout the year 2017. We observed the maximum sale of LNG during winter season (Nov-April) where the LNG demands exceeded from 13.2 tons as compared to the normal 8 tons. It was observed that the LNG demand was declined below the approximated demand e.g., a very less amount of LNG was consumed during June and July which was (2.7-6.9) tons and (2.9-6.7) tons respectively that must be more than 8 tons. On field observation we found that most of people prefer the usage of biofuel instead of LNG in summer season because there is excess of dry residue of animals and the dry wood as well for cooking. This trend analysis determines the LNG consumption across a region where interpolation technique proved efficient in public trend mapping for purchase of LNG during 2017.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired by Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) is useful to compute Surface Dynamics (SDs) including, Drainage Density (DD), Topographic Relative Relief (TRR), Iso Base-Levels (IBL) and Topographic Vertical Dissection (TVD). It provides detailed information about the lithology based on erosional boundaries as well as delineation of active tectonic scarps. It confers a well-built connection among diverse stream Strahler ordering and the localized erosive or neotectonics conditions in an actively deforming topography. These techniques are rapid, proficient, and consistent to demarcate tectonic control even along or over the similar lithologies. This investigation appraises the eroding and uplifting landforms along upstream of Mangla reservoir in lower Jhelum valley. The aim is to delineate margins for lithological demarcation and to distinguish whether these are affected by neotectonics or not. We noticed unusual local-base-level inconsistency that may be related to the well-known active tectonic expressions.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired by Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) is useful to compute Surface Dynamics (SDs) including, Drainage Density (DD), Topographic Relative Relief (TRR), Iso Base-Levels (IBL) and Topographic Vertical Dissection (TVD). It provides detailed information about the lithology based on erosional boundaries as well as delineation of active tectonic scarps. It confers a well-built connection among diverse stream Strahler ordering and the localized erosive or neotectonics conditions in an actively deforming topography. These techniques are rapid, proficient, and consistent to demarcate tectonic control even along or over the similar lithologies. This investigation appraises the eroding and uplifting landforms along upstream of Mangla reservoir in lower Jhelum valley. The aim is to delineate margins for lithological demarcation and to distinguish whether these are affected by neotectonics or not. We noticed unusual local-base-level inconsistency that may be related to the well-known active tectonic expressions.

Continuous monitoring of spatial variations in urban poverty is a complex multidimensional phenomenon. In urban areas of South Asian countries, various factors contribute to promote urban poverty e.g., rapid and unmanaged urbanization, high migration and inflation rates and fluctuations in land values. The poor community should be focused by policy makers to solve poverty related issues. This research was conducted in a metropolitan city Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan which is confronting with urban poverty and need to construct a policy for poverty alleviation. Alkire-Foster approach was used to compute urban poverty by selecting poverty cut off point k=2/5 for this study. It demonstrates that 70.8% of households were poor whereas 29.8% households were living out of poverty with positive potentials. The results can be taken as a reference point to alleviate poverty in other regions of country.

The global emerging trends of E-Governance utilizes Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to support the governance functions. It emphases on improving governance by innovating administrative processes, transforming relationships, improving public services delivery, ensuring accountability, increasing participation and collaboration among civil society, government and private sector. Whereas, E-Governance is considered a revolutionary reform of promoting good governance through greater control over state power, authority and resources to promote equality, peace and prosperity by eliminating corruption, unemployment and hunger. Pakistan had made huge investments on deploying ICTs infrastructure and human resource development in public sector but the country could not achieve the expected outcomes. The results show that public sector has adequate level of ICTs infrastructure and competent human resource to obtain the promising benefits of these initiatives. However, all these resources remained underutilized which is considered a public sector dilemma in Pakistan. Most of public sector businesses are still relying on the manual systems rather than the fully computerized or automated and the public officials are bound to exchange and processes information manually. The under-utilization of these technologies and human resource cannot reap the benefits of E-Governance and therefore could not promote transparency, accountability, equality, and participation for sustainable socio-economic growth and development of Pakistan.

The earthquake of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS) occurred in Himalayan zone on October 8, 2005. This incidence occurred as a consequence of advanced dispersion of neotectonics of North West edge of subducting Indo-Pak plate located below Eurasia. The objective of this study is to monitor actively deforming neotectonics using SRTM DEM 90 m based automatic drainage network and geomorphometry. Active neotectonics analysis relies on geomorphic indices for instance concavity, steepness, rate maps of relative uplift and Hack-SL gradient. The topographic relative uplift rates (TRUR), steepness, concavity indices and Hack SL provide accurate results for active tectonics of HKS. The topographic relative uplift rates (TRUR ) are relatively high in the central region, north to northwest, north to northeast, and south to southwest which are nearly 2. 5 mm per year. But it is lower i.e., 0.1 mm per year within the eastern region of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. Steep slopes and steepened regions are located along NNW and in the east of HKS which are symptomatic representation of neotectonics activity within HKS. Thus shows the effect of neotectonics over the topography and drainage networks of the area under study. TRUR maps indicate more deformation of study area in central, NNE, NNW and SSW parts than the east towards Sri Nagar.

Hypsometric Integral (HI) displays the effect of active tectonics and sensitivity on geomorphic structures. In this study we calculated HI values for Hunza valley to investigate neotectonics, development of topographic structures and process of erosion using SRTM DEM 90m. ArcGIS and MATLAB is used to generate HI and hypsometric curve (HC). We generated HI and HC values by using D8 algorithm in MATLAB to extract drainage basins for 5 and 6 Strahler orders. HI and HC values show the stages of erosion for instance high values of HI and convex HC displays young and tectonically active stage. We used different grid sizes in ArcGIS to calculate maximum, mean and minimum elevation utilizing different statistical techniques. We used Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) instead of Global Moran Index to determine the extent of distribution of clustered, dispersed and randomized HI values. This technique indicates high positive z score for auto correlated data. Regions with high HI value indicate relative uplift, undissected and young structures while low HI values indicate sediment accumulation and shallow earthquakes.

The earthquake of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS) occurred in Himalayan zone on October 8, 2005. This incidence occurred as a consequence of advanced dispersion of neotectonics of North West edge of subducting Indo-Pak plate located below Eurasia. The objective of this study is to monitor actively deforming neotectonics using SRTM DEM 90 m based automatic drainage network and geomorphometry. Active neotectonics analysis relies on geomorphic indices for instance concavity, steepness, rate maps of relative uplift and Hack-SL gradient. The topographic relative uplift rates (TRUR), steepness, concavity indices and Hack SL provide accurate results for active tectonics of HKS. The topographic relative uplift rates (TRUR ) are relatively high in the central region, north to northwest, north to northeast, and south to southwest which are nearly 2. 5 mm per year. But it is lower i.e., 0.1 mm per year within the eastern region of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. Steep slopes and steepened regions are located along NNW and in the east of HKS which are symptomatic representation of neotectonics activity within HKS. Thus shows the effect of neotectonics over the topography and drainage networks of the area under study. TRUR maps indicate more deformation of study area in central, NNE, NNW and SSW parts than the east towards Sri Nagar.

Neotectonics amend the river base and causes landscape erosion. This study explores the DEM based differentiation of neotectonics in the northern regions of Pakistan. This method involves vertical and non-linear dissection base on digital evaluation method. This study uses Gliding Box Technique (GBM and GBT) and Box Counting method to evaluate Lacunarity (LA), Succolarity (SA) or 3-Fractals, and Fractal Dimensions (FD). 3-fractals are an attribute used for the recognition of spatial patterns, specifically to compute and differentiate natural textures including natural patterns. This study also investigates vertical dissection using DEM SRTM having spatial resolution of 90m. DEM SRTM measures surface area, plane area as well as the surface ratio. The vertical areas are investigated to make dissection maps and to identify the affects of neotectonics on the roughness of surface. Low value of surface roughness indicates flattened drainage basins and inclination of slope. The Raikot Fault shows higher values of surface roughness towards NE- SW. The surface roughness is mapped to recognize relative uplifts, uneven regions, depressions and pits. Analysis through non-linear method identifies the regions affected by neotectonics activity. Tectonics activity causes deformation and instability in drainage networks.

Neotectonics amend the river base and causes landscape erosion. This study explores the DEM based differentiation of neotectonics in the northern regions of Pakistan. This method involves vertical and non-linear dissection base on digital evaluation method. This study uses Gliding Box Technique (GBM and GBT) and Box Counting method to evaluate Lacunarity (LA), Succolarity (SA) or 3-Fractals, and Fractal Dimensions (FD). 3-fractals are an attribute used for the recognition of spatial patterns, specifically to compute and differentiate natural textures including natural patterns. This study also investigates vertical dissection using DEM SRTM having spatial resolution of 90m. DEM SRTM measures surface area, plane area as well as the surface ratio. The vertical areas are investigated to make dissection maps and to identify the affects of neotectonics on the roughness of surface. Low value of surface roughness indicates flattened drainage basins and inclination of slope. The Raikot Fault shows higher values of surface roughness towards NE- SW. The surface roughness is mapped to recognize relative uplifts, uneven regions, depressions and pits. Analysis through non-linear method identifies the regions affected by neotectonics activity. Tectonics activity causes deformation and instability in drainage networks.

Chaman fault is a seismically active fault running over 850km in western region of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is a major geological structure between Indian and Eurasian plates. Chaman fault is a strike slip fault which is slipping nearly at the rate of 10mm per year. This research includes the evaluation of lithological processes and neotectonics activity using Hypsometric Integral (HI). We calculated values of hypsometric integral using SRTM DEM with 90m spatial resolution in active region of Chaman Fault (CF) and in its locality. We analyzed different mean, minimum and maximum elevations using regular square grids and measured the degree of spatial distribution of HI using Local Indices (LI) of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA). LISA provides auto correlation for the cluster analysis of hotspots and cold spots of HI values to discriminate uplifted and eroded regions.

The coastline of Pakistan comprises of five significant sites comprising of mangroves including Indus Delta which contains extensive mangroves zones and termed as the largest arid mangrove found globally. This study evaluate the current extent of mangroves along the Western edge of Indus Delta and provide the most recent forest cover assessment of mangroves. Moreover, this study identifies the changes occurred in forest cover from the years 2000 to 2020. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat 7 ETM data were used for mangroves mapping through supervised classification method. The results displayed that total area of mangrove forest cover was nearly 279.094km², 395.77km², 306.58km² in the years 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively. This study indicates an increase in area of mangrove cover from 29% to 41% from the year 2000 to 2010. Regeneration of mangrove mostly took place around the southern region of the Indus Delta. The mangrove specie has decreased from 41% to 31% from the year 2010 to 2020. The major causes of this reduction were urban water and industrial pollution, over-fishing in Indus delta, freshwater diversion for agriculture, and overharvesting of mangroves by the local communities, coastal erosion and sedimentation.

This study describes the surface deformation in lower Jehlum and eastern Potwar using remotely sensed Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify regional uplift rates. Mapping of active surface deformations help to predict seismic hazards. DEMs are the fundamental input factors that identify the surface geometry and its belongings. These belongings include stream offset, elevation, and slope breaks within a contributing area. This study provides an evidence of tectonic activity and its impact on regional drainage network using SRTM DEM. Various indices including concavity and steepness were computed using power law in steady state conditions. We prepared the drainage network map of the study site showing uplift rates in mm/year. The deflection in stream network proves the existence of active fault in this region which controls the local drainage network. The results prove the relative uplift along Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and the impact of active tectonic on evolving young organs.

Cloud computing emphasis on using and underlying infrastructure in a much efficient way. That’s why it is gaining immense importance in today’s industry. Like every other field, cloud computing also has some key feature for estimating the standard of working of every cloud provider. Elasticity is one of these key features. The term elasticity in cloud computing is directly related to response time (a server takes towards user request during resource providing and de-providing. With increase in demand and a huge shift of industry towards cloud, the problem of handling user requests also arisen. For a long time, the concept of virtualization held industry with all its merits and demerits to handle multiple requests over cloud. Biggest disadvantage of virtualization shown heavy load on underlying kernel or server but from past some decades an alternative technology emerges and get popular in a short time due to great efficiency known as containerization. In this paper we will discuss about elasticity in cloud, working of containers to see how it can help to improve elasticity in cloud for this will using some tools for analyzing two technologies i.e. virtualization and containerization. We will observe whether containers show less response time than virtual machine. If yes that’s mean elasticity can be improved in cloud on larger scale which may improve cloud efficiency to a large extent and will make cloud more eye catching.

An acute respiratory syndrome Corona Virus 2 has affected humanity throughout the world. Scientifically, Corona Virus 2 is known as SARS-COV-2 which is abbreviated as COVID-2019. China was the first victim of this outbreaks in December 2019 [1] which was later recognized as pandemic on March 11, 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO) [2,3]. At the time of this writing, about 8.75 million individuals of 188 countries [4] have been effected by COVID resulting in 463000 deaths primarily, corona virus communicates from one body to another body through close contacts via droplets produced by sneezing, coughing or taking by infected badly within a buffer zone of 3 to 6 feet [5,6,7]. These droplets fall onto a surface and can survive up to 72 hours [8]. Various studies have proved that droplets may travel up to 37 feet by an uncovered cough [9,10,11]. Corona virus is not an airborne, however it may transport through respiratory droplets during talking and breathing

Chaman fault is a seismically active fault running over 850km in western region of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is a major geological structure between Indian and Eurasian plates. Chaman fault is a strike slip fault which is slipping nearly at the rate of 10mm per year. This research includes the evaluation of lithological processes and neotectonics activity using Hypsometric Integral (HI). We calculated values of hypsometric integral using SRTM DEM with 90m spatial resolution in active region of Chaman Fault (CF) and in its locality. We analyzed different mean, minimum and maximum elevations using regular square grids and measured the degree of spatial distribution of HI using Local Indices (LI) of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA). LISA provides auto correlation for the cluster analysis of hotspots and cold spots of HI values to discriminate uplifted and eroded regions.

The Potwar plateau was developed in subduction zone of lower Himalayan fold and thrust in the North West region. This study identifies topographic deformation and neotectonics activity using Digital Evaluation Model (DEM). The SRTM DEM having resolution of 90 m analyzes active tectonics in local drainage network. Standard algorithms and geomorphic indices are used to extract isobase maps, concavity, steepness and relative rates of uplift. The steepness index indicates the elevation of Potwar region. The variable rates of uplift, indicates surface deformation in different regions of Potwar plateau. Isobase maps indicate lithological distinctions and structures under the influence of neotectonics using geological maps. Landsat satellite imagery was used to indicate neotectonics activity over the spatial drainage network and streams corresponding to the longitudinal river profile analysis.

The Potwar plateau was developed in subduction zone of lower Himalayan fold and thrust in the North West region. This study identifies topographic deformation and neotectonics activity using Digital Evaluation Model (DEM). The SRTM DEM having resolution of 90 m analyzes active tectonics in local drainage network. Standard algorithms and geomorphic indices are used to extract isobase maps, concavity, steepness and relative rates of uplift. The steepness index indicates the elevation of Potwar region. The variable rates of uplift, indicates surface deformation in different regions of Potwar plateau. Isobase maps indicate lithological distinctions and structures under the influence of neotectonics using geological maps. Landsat satellite imagery was used to indicate neotectonics activity over the spatial drainage network and streams corresponding to the longitudinal river profile analysis.

The nanoparticles play a significant role in fabrication process which are used at large scale in various fields e.g., sensors, electronics drug delivery, optics, catalysis and in water purification process. Nanoparticles (NiO/ZnO) were synthesized using sol-gel technique. In this method, 2-propanol was taken to analyze the particle size. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of ZnO/NiO. Ultraviolet Visible (UV) data recorded a band gap for ZnO that was 4.1 eV while UV spectrum of methylene blue demonstrated a decrease in concentration of methylene blue while using NiO/ ZnO as catalyst.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired by Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) is useful to compute Surface Dynamics (SDs) including, Drainage Density (DD), Topographic Relative Relief (TRR), Iso Base-Levels (IBL) and Topographic Vertical Dissection (TVD). It provides detailed information about the lithology based on erosional boundaries as well as delineation of active tectonic scarps. It confers a well-built connection among diverse stream Strahler ordering and the localized erosive or neotectonics conditions in an actively deforming topography. These techniques are rapid, proficient, and consistent to demarcate tectonic control even along or over the similar lithologies. This investigation appraises the eroding and uplifting landforms along upstream of Mangla reservoir in lower Jhelum valley. The aim is to delineate margins for lithological demarcation and to distinguish whether these are affected by neotectonics or not. We noticed unusual local-base-level inconsistency that may be related to the well-known active tectonic expressions.

The availability of water has become a serious concern globally, therefore, it is a need to use waste water by its treatment. This treated water can be used in various sectors e.g., agriculture, leather industry, textile industry and in chemical reactors etc. The oxides of semiconductor nanoparticles are effective catalyst which are used in wastewater treatment. Ethylene glycol is used in sol-gel method to synthesize NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnCl2 along with NiCl2.6H2O were used as precursors during synthetization of NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. We used various techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis for synthesis of the nanocomposites which confirm that these nanocomposites act as catalyst.